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} Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, "Land of the Tamils") is a state at the southern tip of India. A bordering states/territories come Pondicherry, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. A island united states of Sri Lanka, which has a important Tamil minority, lies off a south-east coast. Tamil Nadu was known as Madras Presidency in British India, which also involved area of present-contemporary Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, & Kerala. Upon India's independence, Madras Presidency became Madras state; within 1953, the Telugu-speaking northeastern part of a state became the newly state of Andhra Pradesh, and Bellary district became part of Mysore state. Within 1956, a state acquired its present borders whilst the american part of Madras state, on the Arabian Sea, was divided between Mysore state (later Karnataka) and a fresh state of Kerala. Inside July 1967 Madrwhen state was re-named as Tamil Nadu by Madras State assembly & approved by Indian Parliment within August 1968. Tamil Nadu is the 2nd virtually all industrialised state inside India. Unlike virtually all more area of a united states, Tamil Nadu gets its rain largely from either the "North-East monsoon" in the months of October-December. There is a yearn standing dispute sustaining Karnataka over a matter of water supply from either the Kaveri River. A flow of any stream flows to a south from either either Karnataka to Tamil Nadu, & each regions draw in a water supply from a flow of any stream, prompting concerns all over whether the upper riparian Karnataka has released its fair part of flow of any stream fluids to the moo riparian Tamil Nadu. Chennai, which was known until 1996 as Madras, is a 4th big city of India & the state capital. Likewise referred to as car capital of India. Chennai is the home of Marina Beach, the 2nd hanker beach in the globe. Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Madurai, Tiruchirapalli, Salem and Tirunelveli are other big cities of Tamil Nadu. Silver Beach in Cuddalore is the longest beach next exclusively to Marina & has importance as a holidaymaker attraction.
History Tamil Nadu's recorded history dates back astir 6000 years & a origin of its population is closely attached to the debates of the Aryan invasion theory. People world health organization uphold this theory favour a learn from that a Tamils belong to the Dravidian race and were part of the early Indus Valley settlers. Late by owning a advent of the Aryan invasion, a Dravidians were rollback into the deep south in which it in the end settled. However recent historical evidence disproves a Aryan invasion theory. Tamil Nadu was constituted by various kingdoms like that of the Pallava, the Chera, the Chola and the Pandya. Too unchained per changes happening within a rulers & kingdoms in Tamil Nadu & elsewhere was the area of Kongu Nadu, comprising the present-contemporary districts of Coimbatore, Erode, Karur, Namakkal, Salem and parts of Dharmapuri and Dindigul. Though this area is however populated by mostly farming communities, it is however politically super right & unfeeling distinct communities. when a matter of fact, a Kongu leaders experienced such freedom, independence, reverence & respect within a period of a lot tierce periods of Pandyas, Cholas & Cheras, that it typically acted as go-between in solving issues arising from either the triplet kingdoms. It as well got a right to crown the kings of Cheras, Cholas & Pandyas. A history of the Pandyan kingdom dates when early when 6th century BC. Madurai was founded by the number one Pandyan king Kulasekara. A Pandyas excelled inside trade & learning. It controlled a present districts of Madurai, Tirunelveli, and a portion of in the south Kerala. A Pandyas experienced day trading contacts sustaining Greece and Rome & were powerful in their have correct, though it were subjugated in the period of various periods per Pallavas and Cholas. A kingdom of the Cheras comprised of the modern state of Kerala, along the american or even Malabar Coast of southern India. Their proximity to the sea favoured trade by having Africa. This region however self-praise of two or three Jewish settlers & population of arabic origins. Professional people locate numbers of maronite christians & Syrian catholics in that multiracial state.
1st to 9th centuries A early Cholas reigned between 1st and 4th centuries CE. A 1st & a best known king of this time period was Karikalan, who built a Kallanai (kall - stone, anai - bund), a dam through a Kaveri River, which is considered to be an engineering wonder of that period. A Cholas occupied a present Thanjavur and Tiruchirapalli districts and excelled within military deed. In a height of their glory, a Chola kings got spread their influence when far when Ceylon (SriLanka) to the south & hundreds of km through the northern area. When is green amongst a Tamil kings, a Cholas revelled around building glorious temples. Brahadeswarer's Temple or even sir thomwhen more popularly known as as a Large temple around Tanjore (Thanjavur)occurs as authoritative lesson of the splendid architecture of the Chola kingdom. In a period of the late half of 4th century, Pallavas a neat temple builders emerged into prominence dominated the south for some other 400 years. It ruled the big part of Tamil Nadu using Kanchipuram as their base. In the 6th century they defeated the Cholwhen & reigned when far as Sri Lanka. Among a greatest Pallava rulers were Mahendravarman-l and his son Narasimhavarman. Dravidian architecture reached its epitome during Pallava rule. A previous Pallava King was Aparajitha. He was defeated by Aditya Chola towards the prevent of the 9th century.
9th to 13th centuries A Cholas once more accession by 9th century. Under Rajaraja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola, the Cholas rose as a notable power within South India. A Chola empire stretched when far when central India, Orissa and parts of West Bengal. Rajaraja Chola conquered a eastern Chalukya kingdom, defeated the Cheras, and annexed area of Ceylon by defeating the Pandyas. Rajendra Chola went beyond, occupying a islands of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Sumatra, Java, Malaya and the islands of Pegu with his fleet of ships. He defeated Mahipala, a king of Bihar and Bengal, and to commemorate his triumph he built the recently capital known as Gangaikonda Cholapuram. A power of a Cholas declined in the 13th century.
14th century By owning a decline of a Cholas, the Pandyas rose to prominence once more in the early 14th century. This was short lived -- it were presently subdued by Muslim Khilji invaders from a northerly around 1316. A city of Madurai was ransacked and entirely destroyed. A invasion weakened two a Cholas & Pandyas & led to the establishment of Bahmani Kingdom in the northern Deccan. This 14th century invasion driven a relatiative reaction from either the Hindus, world health organization rallied to build a hard freshly kingdom, known as the Vijayanagara empire. It absorbed tons fastness of Cholas & more local Hindu rulers to prevent a Muslims. Governors known as Nayaks were engaged to run different territories of the empire. Using Hampi as a Capital, Vijayanagar Empire was the virtually all prosperous dynasty to the south. However by 1564 a empire came to an prevent at the paws of Deccan sultans in the battle of Talikota. A empire was split into numerous area & was given to the Nayaks to rule. Tamil United states under a Telugu Nayaks was peaceful & prosperous. A Nayaks of Madurai and Thanjavur were most large of the children completely. It reconstructed occasionally of the oldest temples in the united states.
17th century In the area of 1609, the Dutch established a award inside Pulicat. Around 1639, the British, under the British East India Company, established a cash settlement farther south, around present day Chennai. A British utilized petty quarrels among a provincial rulers (divide and rule) to expand their sphere of influence. A British fought using a various European powers, notably the French at Vandavasi (Wandiwash) in 1760, and a Dutch at Tharangambadi (Tranquebar), driving a Dutch away completely, & reducing a French dominions around India to Pondicherry. A British besides fought foursome wars with a Kingdom of Mysore under Hyder Ali and later his boy Tipu Sultan, which led to their eventual domination of India's south. It consolidated southern India into a Madras Presidency. A select few notable Chieftains or even Poligars world health organization fought a British East India Company when it was expanding, were Veerapandya Kattabomman, Maruthus and Pulithevan.
20th century Whenever India became independent around 1947, Madras Presidency became Madras State, comprising of present day Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh, northern Kerala, and a south-west coast of Karnataka. A state was after split higher along linguistic lines. Inside 1953 the northern districts formed Andhra Pradesh. Under a States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Madras State lost its american coastal territorial dominion. A Bellary and South Kanara districts were ceded to Mysore state, and Kerala was formed from a Malabar district and a previous princely states of Travancore and Cochin. Around 1968, Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu, partly to resist a imposition of Hindi as a national language by the Exchange Government.
Politics Tamil Nadu got the bicameral legislature until 1986, when it was replaced sustaining the unicameral legislature, like virtually all more states around India.
Regional parties have dominated state politics since 1967.
One of a earliest regional parties was a South Indian Welfare Association, which was founded around 1916. It come to become referred to as a "Justice Party" after the title of its English-language daily, Justice.
E.V. Ramasami Naicker, popularly known as "Periyar", renamed the party Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944. DK was a non-political person which demanded the establishment of an independent state known as Dravida Nadu. All the same, imputable the differences between its deuce leaders Periyar and C.N. Annadurai, the party was split.Annadurai left the party to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.The DMK decided to enter into politics in 1956. Nineteenth century American scholars thought that Dravidian speakers were sooner habitant of India than a speakers of the Indo-Aryan languages in the north of the united states. It was supposed that the typically darker-skinned Dravidians constituted a distinct race. This notion corresponded to racial hierarchies of the time based on data from which darker skinned peoples were further primitive than weak-skinned whites. Accordingly, Dravidians were envisaged when primitive early indweller of India world health organization experienced been partly displaced & subordinated by further advanced Aryans.
This construct has affected thought inside India all about racial & regional differences & has informed aspects of Tamil nationalism, which has at times appropriated a claim that Dravidians come a earliest dweller of India sequentially to argue that more populations were oppressive intruder from either which Dravidians should liberate themselves. A discovery of the Indus Valley Civilisation in the 1920s, which was attributed to the displaced Dravidians of the northerly, farther fuelled such Dravidianist ideas since it implied that the Indo-Indic were savage barbarians like than a "superior race".
A Anti-Hindi agitations in mid-1960s made the DMK additional popular & supplementary mighty in the state. A DMK routed a Congress Party in the 1967 elections and took control of the state government, ending Congress's fastness inside Tamil Nadu. M. Karunanidhi became the party's leader after the death of Annadurai in 1969.
Karunanidhi's leadership was shortly challenged by M.G. Ramachandran, popularly known as MGR. inside 1972, he split from DMK & formed a All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). He was a Chief Minister of the state from 1977 until his death inside 1987. When a demise of MGR, a person split over again into ii factions, 1 led by Janaki Ramachandran, wife of MGR, & a more led by J. Jayalalithaa. When a kill of AIADMK within 1989 assembly polls, both factions were merged & Jayalalithaa took control of the person. She wwhen elected as a General Secretary of the unified AIADMK.
There develop been splits inside two a DMK & a AIADMK, however since 1967 one of those 2 parties has held power in the state. Presently, a leader of the AIADMK, J. Jayalilathaa, is the Main Minister of the state.
List of political parties in the state
List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu
Population
Tamil Nadu's people stood at 62,110,839 when of 00.00 hours of March One, 2001. These are a sixth virtually all thickly settled State of the Indian Union behind Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal & Andhra Pradesh. A State accounts for Sextet.05 % of the united states's people. Its people density at 478 souls by a square klick, higher from either 429 around 1991, & great deal higher than a everthing-India density of 324, makes it the eleventh virtually all densely populated State (1991 rank:10) [http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1809/18090930.htm]. Roughly 47% of Tamil Nadu's people sleep within populated area, one of a greatest percentages in India[http://timesfoundation.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1162466.cms].
around a period of a decade 1991-2001, Tamil Nadu reported a 2nd moo decadal incubation inside people when Kerala, among the class action of States sustaining people exceeding 20 million in 2001. When Kerala's people grew by Nine.42 % between 1991 & 2001, Tamil Nadu's grew by Xi.19 %. withinside point of fact, Tamil Nadu, Keralthe & Orissa come a single tierce States within that class action to keep close at hand shown a decline in decadal percentage vary in people in each decade since 1971.
Culture
Tamil Nadu is known for its rich tradition of literature, music and dance which continue to flourish now. These are one of a virtually all progressive & industrialised states inside India. Tamil is a official language of Tamil Nadu (when well as one of the official languages of India).
Tamil Nadu is likewise at home to the big Tamil screenland, producing the immense total of Tamil films each season. Chennai hwhen often been refered to as Kollywood, a conflation of Hollywood and Kodambakkam (the subdivision of Chennai that houses the cinema related facilities).
Pongal, a quartet-day harvest festival, is the virtually all celebrated festival of Tamil Nadu, followed within importance by Diwali. Tamil New Year, which generally lessens in April 14 or even Xv of the English calendar, is a second event of celebration. A number 1 year in the tamil calendar is Chittirai. Apart from either these, more national festivals prefer Dasara, Holi and Vinayaka Chathurthi are also celebrated.
About each major temple around Tamilnadu has A favorite celebration known as The Kumbabishekam. Vaikuntthe Ekadasi, Thai Poosam, Aadi Velli come two or three occasions while numerous temples have on a merry look.
Additionally a Velankanni Church & A Nagore mosque could have testimony to the lay & multi-religious nature and severity of the state.
Economy
Possessing a third big economy (2004-2005) among states within India, Tamil Nadu is too a 2nd virtually all industrialized state next to Maharastra. [http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/scores.xls] It ranks 2nd inside by the capita income (2004-2005) among big states. It ranks third around foreign directly investment approvals (accumulative 1991-2002) of Rs. 22,582.64 crores, next only to Maharashtra (Rs. 36,602.41 crores) & Delhi (Rs. 30,303.79 crores). A State's investment is Niner.12 % of the amount FDI in the united states [http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/22/stories/2005042211030100.htm]. Unlike numerous more states, the economic resources come quite spread retired, like than concentrated around a little industrialized front yard.
Based on data from a 2001 Nosecount, Tamil Nadu has a greatest level of urbanization (43.86 %) within India, accounting for 6% of India’s aggregate people & Ennead.6% of the urban people. Tamil Nadu has the network of astir 110 industrial parks & estates offering developed plots by owning supporting infrastructure[http://www.tidelpark.com/][http://www.itpchennai.com/]. Likewise, a state government is promoting more industrial parks prefer Rubber Park, Apparel Parks, Floriculture Park, TICEL Park for Biotechnology [http://www.ticelbiopark.com/], Siruseri IT Park, & Agro Export Zones among others.
A Tamil Nadu state government owns a Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers (TNPL)[http://www.tnpl.co.in/], the world's biggest bagasse based Paper mills in Karur as well as the world's sixth big manufacturer of watches together by using TATA, under the brandname of "Titan" [http://www.tata.com/titan/]. 55% of tons wind-generated electricity inside India is created by windmills around Tamil Nadu. An expert Danish wind power company NEG Micon has established its manufacturing unit in Chennai.[http://www.vestas.com/dk/Home/index.asp]
Tamilnadu is leading producer of Cement around India ,these are a at home for leading cement brands in the united states like Chettinad cements(Karur), Dalmia cements(Dalmiapuram), Ramco cements(Madras cement ltd.,), etc.,
Textiles
the textile industry plays a important role in the Indian economy by providing directly employment to an judged 35 million humans, & thereby contributory 4% of GDP & 35 % of Gross Export Earnings. A textile sector contributes to 14% of the manufacturing sector. A city of Tirupur, within Tamil Nadu is the big garment exporter in India & every now and again refered to when Textile valley of India. Within 2004, a exportation turnover from either a town was to a higher degree Rs 5,000 crores. A bit of 7,000 garment units in the town will bring employment chance to One million population. 56% of India's sum knitwear exportation are from either Tirupur. A exportation Import Policy of 2002-2007 acknowledges Tirupur for its contribution to the export efforts
[http://in.rediff.com/money/2005/feb/15bspec.htm].
Industry & Manufacturing
Numerous heavily engineering & manufacturing-depending corporations come centered in a suburban area of Chennai (nicknamed, "The Detroit of India"). Chennai boasts a presence of spherical car manufacturing giants rather Ford, Hyundai, BMW and Mitsubishi as well as forearm corporations such as MRF, TI cycles of India, Ashok Leyland, Royal Enfield and TVS. All about from either auto, railway coaches, battle-tanks, tractors, minibike & heavily vehicles come made on text.
A Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant, Neyveli Lignite Power Plant and a Narimanam Natural Gas Plants come major sources of Tamil Nadu's electricity. When of 2005, Tamil Nadu is one of a couple of Indian states by owning superfluous power electricity, enabling a electrical authority to sell it to neighboring states. India's leading steel producer SAIL has a steelworks within Salem, Tamilnadu [http://www.sail.co.in/plant_special_salem.asp].
Electronics manufacturing occurs as growing industry around Tamil Nadu. Corporations prefer Nokia and Flextronics have chosen Chennai when their South Asian manufacturing hub. Products made include board & cellular phone handsets [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/07/stories/2005100702790400.htm]
A town of Sivakasi is a leader in the areas of printing, fireworks, & book matches. It wwhen lovingly known as as Kutty Japan or even "little Japan" by Mr.Jawaharlal Nehru. It contributes to 80% of India's production of book matches too when 90% of India's number pyrotechnic production. Sivakasi will bring above 60% of India's amount offset printing solutions & ranks when one of a greatest taxpaying towns within India. Sivakasi likewise occurs as 100% made use of town, putting it inside the company of super couple towns in India.
Agriculture
Tamil Nadu has historically been an agrarian state, when its advances around more fields launched a state into competition sustaining more areas. Still, Tamil Nadu occurs as leading producer of farming products inside India. Tamil Nadu agriculture is heavy dependant on the flow of any stream a lake & Monsoon rains. A perennial lakes come Palar, Cheyyar, Ponnaiyar, Kaveri, Meyar, Bhavani, Amaravati, Vaigai, Chittar & Tamaraparani. Non-perennial lakes include a Vellar, Noyal, Suruli, Gundar, Vaipar, Valparai & Varshali.
Tamil Nadu is likewise a leading producer of Kambu, Cholam, Rye, ground nuts, oil, seeds & sugar cane inside India.
Now Tamil Nadu is India's 2nd large producer of rice, next to Punjab where there is perennial source of irrigation.[http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/agriculture.htm].
Tamil Nadu is the house to Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, known as the "father of the Green Revolution" in India. [http://www.mssrf.org/index.htm]
Biotechnology
a food and drug administration of Tamil Nadu has established Biotechnology Enterprise Zones (Bio-Valleys) along a lines of Silicon Valley to exploit the bioresources of the State. A Bio-valleys aim at leveraging a bioresources of the agro-ecological zones of Tamil Nadu.
Software
Chennai is the 2nd leading Software system exporter inside India, next to Bangalore. India's big IT park is housed at Chennai.Computer software exportation from either either Tamil Nadu rose from Rs. 7,600 crore inside 2003-04 to Rs. 11,000 around 2004-05. And so far this month, it stood at Rs. 10,700 crores[http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/20/stories/2005062013350700.htm]. Chennai occurs when hub for e-publishing, as there are 47 e-publishing units registered by using a STPI inside Chennai & Twenty-five around Bangalore. Corporations like Cognizant, Covansys, Ford Information Technology, Xansa, Verizon, iSoft, Electronic Data Systems and many others keep close at hand entirely opened agents inside Chennai. Infosys Technologies has install India's big software program program development centre to home 25,000 software agents at an guessed investment of Rs 1,250 crore (Rs 12.50 billion) within Chennai[http://in.rediff.com/money/2004/feb/26infosys.htm]. India's big IT park is housed at Chennai, jointly manufactured by Ascendas Indithe Ltd, a Singapore-depending company engaged around providing business space solutions, & Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO)[http://www.elcot.com/itnews/apr05/nie020405.htm].
Businees Run Outsourcing Services
Chennai is today emerging when a virtually all favorite destination for high-prevent BPOs within fiscal services, health care & more back-professional services for transnational corporations. Corporations prefer Congruent Solutions (back-end services for California-depending retirement pension), Secova eServices (HR service provider for United states of america clients), Lason India (data processing for health care & fiscal services clients in the Usa) & OfficeTiger (outsourcing of creative works) develop install centres on this button to choose benefit of Chennai's "quality talent pool and infrastructure". Stanchart, eServe (Citibank), ABN AMRO and World Bank have also chosen a city for their back-professional functions. [http://www.elcot.com/itnews/mar05/net010305.htm]
E-Governance
Tamil Nadu has been the pioneering state inside E-Governance initiatives in India. a big section of the government records rather l& ownership records come already digitised & wholly major agents of the state government rather l& registration agents, and transportation agents stand been computerized, thereby improving the quality of service and transparency operating.
Social development
A Dravidian movement, which began around Tamil Nadu, aimed at uplifting a socially pent-up classes. Educating a humans & eradicating superstitious notion were a bit of of their objectives. It got the commitment to social justice which led to an education revolution in the state. Now numbers of of India's premier colleges come in the state.
Tamil Nadu has besides performed reasonably swell around terms of literacy incubation when you took a decade 1991-2001. A State's literacy rate increased from either 62.66 % around 1991 to 73.47 % inside 2001.[http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1809/18090930.htm]
A Mid day Meal Program within Tamil Nadu program initiated by Kamarajar Kamaraj is considered to be one of them key cases that led to the realignment of social, economic, political & ethnic aspects of the Tamil nadu. A more event is "Entry in Vaikkom Temple"
Magsaysay Award winner from either Tamilnadu
Districts
There are Xxx Dominion around Tamil Nadu, using Krishnagiri District existence a 30th by using headquarters at Krishnagiri, by bifurcating a Dharmapuri district
Tourism
Tamil Nadu occurs as land of varied beauty. These are mostly renowned for its many Hindu temples based on a Dravidian architecture. the temples come of a distinct style which is renowned for its lofty Gopuram. Popular temple towns include Madurai, Trichy, Tanjore, Kanchipuram, Palani, Swamithoppe,Tiruvallur and Mahabalipuram. A best known temple is the Brahadeeswara temple within Thanjavur that is all about 1000 years old & is on the UNESCO's World Heritage Site list. Tamil Nadu too has the Navagraha temples that come a popular pilgrim circuit. Kanyakumari, the southern virtually all tip of peninsular India, is noted for its distinct & beautiful sunrise, Vivekanda Rock Memorial on the mid-sea, Thiruvalluvar statue & has occasionally super green mountainous landscape & picture-postcard hone sceneries about a territory and Nagercoil. Hill stations such as Kodaikanal and Nilgiris boast some of the stunning landscapes around India. A Nilgiris too has one of them mountainside Railways in India & is existence evaluated for the UNESCO's World Heritage Site list.a Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary located in Gudalur touching a border of Karnataka known for its elephants, tigers & cervid & the Pitchavaram Mangrove forests located in Chidambaram come ii of the numbers of eco-tourism spots of importance.
Famous Tamilians
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